Senator BRAGG: I think you should also take notice whether, in fact, carbon capture and storage is included in other jurisdictions. Ms P Brown : I'm happy to do that.

Senator WHISH-WILSON: What kind of carbon capture, as a matter of interest? Dr Bacon : I am sorry, Senator, to frustrate you again. We have been working with our colleagues in the department of industry who have expertise in relation to those elements of projects.

Senator COX: My Google is not that great, so I can assure you that it's on your website. Is Geoscience involved in that? Are you mapping any of that? Is this something that you're doing across departments or with DCCEEW? I don't want to give you the answers at 20 past nine at night. We're being generous here. Ms Quinn : Carbon capture and storage touches on a few different areas. Geoscience is alw

Senator COX: I've got some questions in relation to the carbon capture technologies program. Ms Quinn : I'm not sure that that's here. Carbon capture is a policy responsibility of the department of climate change, in the separation of the MOG carbon capture and storage policy—

Senator WATERS: They can pay for it themselves, as far as I'm concerned; the public should not be paying. Did you want to add something, Mr Parker? Mr Parker : If you look at the UNFCCC, the processes and advice coming out of that, it's fairly clear that, for those who are thinking about the overall task to get to net zero by whatever is agreed, given the position that we're in and the transition

Senator CADELL: Carbon direct removal, carbon capture and storage. Senator McAllister: Right, okay. So there are a range of means by which carbon dioxide may be removed from the atmosphere. Carbon capture and storage is just one means by which, having removed or having captured carbon dioxide, you may store it underground.

Senator McALLISTER ( New South Wales — Assistant Minister for Climate Change and Energy ) ( 13:03 ): Thanks, Senator Hanson. I wonder if it's the idea of a regulatory arrangement that you're seeking an explanation for or the idea of carbon capture and storage?

Senator HANSON-YOUNG: Oh, that unicorn! Ms Constable : I listened to evidence yesterday where a lot of focus was spent on cement and steel. In order to be able to support those hard-to-abate sectors, we need technologies like carbon capture and storage being rolled out in the gas industry and the coal industry. Those industrial processes are really important to support other industries like cement

Senator COX: Thank you. The government has also set aside $141 million over 10 years for carbon capture and storage in the October budget. Is this money only available for industrial uses, like capturing emissions for cement and steelwork or steelmaking projects, or is it also available for coal and gas projects? Ms Urquhart : You would need to direct that question to the Department of Climate Cha

Senator STERLE: And you know you're dying for me to ask you what blue carbon is. What is it going to look like? Dr Hone : We think about mangroves, seagrass—all the samphire communities along the coast—kelps, you name it. The micro algae in the ocean alone is one of the largest absorbers of carbon in the world.

Senator SCARR ( Queensland — Deputy Opposition Whip in the Senate ) ( 17:19 ): I just want to bring one point to the attention of the chamber. There were some remarks made around carbon capture and storage. I'll just note this. I think all senators should be looking at what's happening around the world et cetera in terms of all the different ways, the different methodologies, there are to address

Senator COX: Can you confirm whether this will include any carbon capture and storage project figure? Mr Lawrence : I don't think I can confirm any technologies at this stage. This would be looking at a range of technologies that can reduce emissions, whether that be through reduced flaring, deploying renewables at well sites instead of using them for gas production or general electrification, plu

Senator McALLISTER: Are you saying that it is then, once it reaches that price, free, that there is no economic cost? Ms Evans : No. To be fair, you have chosen the one of the five where the characteristic of that goal is a little different, because for carbon capture and storage, unlike all of the other things, for hydrogen—that's a genuine fuel choice, no matter whatever the situation is—for car

Senator HANSON-YOUNG: Of course, the CSIRO's GenCost report, out last week, showed that coal and gas with carbon capture and storage is more expensive than conventional nuclear power plants, which we know are ridiculously expensive and absurd. Why do we keep seeing government after government throwing public money behind CCS? Why? Mr Gaddes : Carbon capture and storage is broader than attaching a

Senator McDONALD: Thank you. Could we turn to carbon capture utilisation and storage programs, please? Ms Quinn : Those programs are a matter for the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water.

Senator WATT ( Queensland — Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and Minister for Emergency Management ) ( 18:23 ): I table a document relating to an order for the production of documents concerning carbon capture, utilisation and storage.

Senator WATT: That was CCS that you touched on towards the end? Dr Robinson : Yes, but not the final point. The point before was yes, enhanced oil recovery using carbon capture and storage.

Senator CADELL: There's been no work looking at that so far? Ms Johnson: Any figures on those slides would be subject to a range of assumptions about different carbon prices both in Australia and internationally. I'd just have to take on notice for you exactly the implications.

Senator BRAGG: Is there any reason why carbon capture and storage were excluded? Ms P Brown : Just broadly, the framework has been designed to be consistent with international best practice and to apply a very high standard. I would have to take on notice any specific considerations about carbon capture and storage, but I suspect that was the reason.

Senator HODGINS-MAY: I've got some questions about Bonaparte later, which might go into detail on that. CCS is frequently modelled in decarbonisation pathways with a capture rate of 90 per cent. Is this the assumed capture rate that the Australian government adopts when modelling CCS in climate projections? Do you know? Ms Rowley : When we deal with the emissions projections, CCS is incorporated t